He graduated in Sinology (Hanxue) from Leiden University in 1970 and in economics from Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR) in 1973. After three years working at the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, he joined the Ministry of Economic Affairs in The Hague, where he became responsible for doing research and reporting on the political-economic developments in East Asian countries. Seconded to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he was in 1981 appointed as Commercial Attaché at the Netherlands Embassy in Singapore, and in 1986 as Trade Representative of The Netherlands (‘Ambassador’) in Taiwan. After his retirement from Civil Service, in 2000, he resumed studying philosophy of the social sciences and became increasingly interested in the science of (complex) systems. He has written a number of critical articles, particularly on the academic study of areas/countries which he thinks should be taken to a higher level. Some of these papers are freely downloadable at www.aca demia.edu.